Problem statement

For the DataLad project we will establish a large number of git-annex repositories. Majority of those git-annex repositories will not contain any data, but rather a lot of empty files and/or broken symlinks. Some data sharing projects which we are going to cover contain thousands and even millions of files (e.g. HCP500 release S3 bucket contained over 5 million files). Originally, we had a very nice experience with ZoL (ZFS on Linux) on computational clusters we administer/use. Its volume management, data integrity checking, and various features (snapshotting, etc) are very appealing and served us well before. So ZFS was a logical choice to deploy for our DataLad development/storage server(s). But unfortunately, during development we ran into complete system stalls (which thanks to ZoL developers were promptly resolved), and overall very slow performance (even with SSD L2ARC caches and relatively large RAM on those boxes). So it became important to investigate if we were indeed hitting the limits of contemporary conventional file-system designs while dealing with large number of files, or just getting bound by ZoL.

System setup

All the benchmarks were ran on a recently purchased server

  • CPU: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-1607 v2 @ 3.00GHz (quad core)
  • RAM: 64GB (registered)
  • OS: Debian jessie (8.1) amd64 build, with NeuroDebian and ZoL repositories enabled
  • Kernel: 3.16.7-ckt9-3~deb8u1 (Debian: 3.16.0-4-amd64)
  • ZoL/ZFS module: 0.6.4-15-7fec46
  • BTRFS tools: originally 3.17 (as in jessie) but then tested a single setup initiated with 4.0 tools (backport coming from NeuroDebian repository)
  • Drives: 6 Seagate Constellation ES.3 (ST4000NM0033-9ZM170, fw SN04) on an LSI SAS3008 HBA

Scripts

test_fs.py script was created to initiate a range of prototypical filesystem setups, with software raid/MD (redundancy), LVM (volume management) and various file systems (EXT4, XFS, ZFS, RaiserFS, BTRFS) in various configurations. We tested typical operations in the life-time of a git/annex repository -- creation (only for larger repositories test), du, chmod, git clone, git annex get, git annex (in)direct, tar etc -- full list is available in results tables below.

Results

Below we present results of the analysis of collected timings, which in its entirety is available as IPython notebook with all the necessary data in the repository if you would like to have an alternative analysis or visualization done since presentation here is quite messy.

Overall verdict is: we are going for Software Raid (RAID6) + LVM (scalability) + BTRFS (performance) as our setup with robust volume management (snapper tool providing snapshots management) and good performance (with tolerable impact from enabled compression). BTRFS exhibited robust performance across a wide range of meta-information utilization, while RaiserFS -- the next contender -- failed to scale (although it may have behaved better with some tune up/options -- we didn't explore). ZoL/ZFS quickly became way too slow to be even properly tested and thus was not considered for our case. Additional features of BTRFS, such as COW (copy-on-write) can already be utilized by git-annex so providing BTRFS additional bonus points in our decision. The choice of compression (lzo vs zlib) for BTRFS did not have a clear winner, and impact from compression was not completely detrimental (although went up to ~30% on git clone operation overall impact due to compression).

Disclaimer YMMV. We have tested file-systems on quite an obscure setup, which is very heavy on meta-information without much of actual data being stored -- lots of tiny files with as many symlinks and directories (under .git/annex/objects). Though, majority of the benchmarked commands (e.g., chmod, du) were meta-information access heavy, so even if large data files were stored we would expect similar performance in those cases.

Hint If you would like to see larger plots, just open images on separate pages so they would become zoomable in your browser.

Small repositories test

Initial test consisted of creating relatively small repositories each containing 100 files in 20 directories added to git-annex. Multiple rounds (without removing previously created test directories/repositories) were ran, thus slowly growing impact on the filesystem. ZFS filesystem setups ran only 10 rounds of such tests, while 100 times for other filesystems.

Following results present timings on the first 10 rounds across file systems on "cold" runs of the commands. Ratings/timing table presents overall rating (0 -- is the best, estimated as a median among ratings across all benchmark commands) with mean timing (across rounds) per each command.

In [12]:
df = reports_to_dataframe(load_reports('simpleannex_ndirs=20_nfiles=100-', equal_length=True))
summary_plots(df, 'cold', gross_violins=True)
Got 19 reports
# of reports per each FS: [10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]
Got 2850 entries total

Gross-rating/timing for each filesystem/per each command

command rating 00: du -scm testX 01: tar -cf testX.tar testX 02: pigz testX.tar 03: chmod +w -R testX/.git/annex/objects 04: git clone testX testX.clone 05: git annex get . 06: git annex drop . 07: du -scm testX.clone 08: rm -rf testX 09: rm -rf testX.clone 10: tar -xzf testX.tar.gz
fs
BTRFS_LVM_MD_raid6 6 6/0.78 6/0.85 9/0.19 6/0.41 6/0.58 5/10.77 5/8.87 12/1.09 5/0.98 11/1.39 4/0.59
BTRFS_LVM_raid6_sda+sdb+sdc+sdd+sde+sdf 3 4/0.73 3/0.70 1/0.12 3/0.23 3/0.47 3/10.26 3/8.51 7/0.77 4/0.90 5/1.07 0/0.51
BTRFS_MD_raid6 5 5/0.74 5/0.79 8/0.18 5/0.37 5/0.56 4/10.72 4/8.79 11/1.05 6/0.98 12/1.43 3/0.57
BTRFS_sda_-mraid6 4 3/0.73 4/0.72 0/0.12 4/0.28 4/0.48 6/11.46 6/10.80 8/0.79 3/0.87 7/1.11 1/0.56
EXT4_LVM_MD_raid6 10 10/3.73 10/12.15 3/0.13 10/2.29 11/2.48 8/32.87 12/27.71 4/0.67 10/3.95 3/0.83 14/1.01
EXT4_MD_raid6 9 9/3.24 9/10.30 2/0.13 9/2.02 8/2.03 7/32.71 9/25.91 3/0.65 9/3.51 4/0.84 11/0.90
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=128_-Estripe_width=512 11 11/4.37 11/14.19 7/0.17 13/3.56 15/3.17 9/36.24 11/27.60 6/0.77 11/4.61 8/1.11 12/0.92
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=32_-Estripe_width=128 12 13/4.62 13/15.83 6/0.15 12/3.20 16/3.18 12/37.88 13/28.28 9/0.80 13/5.43 9/1.20 10/0.89
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=4_-Estripe_width=16 11 12/4.56 12/14.57 5/0.14 11/3.00 12/3.05 11/36.53 10/27.30 5/0.73 12/4.72 6/1.07 8/0.84
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=512_-Estripe_width=2048 14 14/5.09 15/16.87 12/0.21 14/3.83 14/3.16 14/38.74 14/29.01 10/0.98 14/5.50 10/1.33 13/0.94
ReiserFS_LVM_MD_raid6 1 0/0.12 0/0.43 11/0.21 1/0.08 0/0.20 2/9.93 1/7.69 1/0.13 0/0.39 2/0.74 6/0.80
ReiserFS_LVM_raid6_sda+sdb+sdc+sdd+sde+sdf 1 2/0.12 2/0.48 4/0.13 0/0.07 1/0.20 0/9.67 0/7.65 0/0.11 1/0.39 0/0.53 5/0.75
ReiserFS_MD_raid6 2 1/0.12 1/0.44 14/0.22 2/0.09 2/0.21 1/9.84 2/7.76 2/0.13 2/0.46 1/0.70 7/0.83
XFS_LVM_MD_raid6 9 8/2.45 7/7.66 13/0.21 8/0.57 13/3.15 16/42.24 8/20.34 17/2.31 8/1.81 14/2.72 9/0.88
XFS_MD_raid6 8 7/1.61 8/8.13 10/0.20 7/0.55 17/3.62 17/43.25 7/20.07 16/1.65 7/1.76 13/2.56 2/0.57
ZFS_layout=raid10_ashift=12_compression=on_sync=standard 17 17/15.97 17/24.75 15/0.27 17/14.48 10/2.41 15/40.41 17/38.07 15/1.23 17/25.08 17/3.44 15/9.94
ZFS_layout=raid6_ashift=12_compression=on_sync=standard 16 16/10.44 16/19.59 17/0.45 16/9.91 9/2.08 10/36.31 16/36.11 14/1.22 16/18.03 16/3.25 16/11.71
ZFS_layout=raid6_compression=on_sync=standard 15 15/9.96 14/16.24 16/0.42 15/7.83 7/1.69 13/38.64 15/30.65 13/1.18 15/13.87 15/2.97 17/14.04

Gross time per each file-system

Execution time per each command across file-systems and across runs

and "warm" (re-running the same command thus utilizing possible caching of meta-information and data) runs:

In [13]:
summary_plots(df, 'warm')

Gross-rating/timing for each filesystem/per each command

command rating 00: du -scm testX 01: tar -cf testX.tar testX 03: chmod +w -R testX/.git/annex/objects 07: du -scm testX.clone
fs
BTRFS_LVM_MD_raid6 4.0 8/0.07 3/0.14 5/0.05 3/0.04
BTRFS_LVM_raid6_sda+sdb+sdc+sdd+sde+sdf 6.0 7/0.07 2/0.14 6/0.05 6/0.04
BTRFS_MD_raid6 4.0 5/0.06 0/0.12 3/0.05 8/0.04
BTRFS_sda_-mraid6 3.5 6/0.07 1/0.13 7/0.05 0/0.03
EXT4_LVM_MD_raid6 11.5 9/0.08 11/0.31 12/0.08 14/0.05
EXT4_MD_raid6 12.5 12/0.08 7/0.29 13/0.08 13/0.05
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=128_-Estripe_width=512 10.0 10/0.08 10/0.31 11/0.08 9/0.04
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=32_-Estripe_width=128 12.0 11/0.08 13/0.35 14/0.08 11/0.05
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=4_-Estripe_width=16 9.5 14/0.08 5/0.26 9/0.08 10/0.05
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=512_-Estripe_width=2048 12.0 13/0.08 12/0.34 10/0.08 12/0.05
ReiserFS_LVM_MD_raid6 1.5 0/0.05 9/0.30 1/0.05 2/0.04
ReiserFS_LVM_raid6_sda+sdb+sdc+sdd+sde+sdf 2.0 3/0.06 4/0.17 0/0.04 1/0.03
ReiserFS_MD_raid6 4.0 4/0.06 14/0.42 2/0.05 4/0.04
XFS_LVM_MD_raid6 4.5 2/0.06 6/0.27 4/0.05 5/0.04
XFS_MD_raid6 7.5 1/0.05 8/0.29 8/0.06 7/0.04
ZFS_layout=raid10_ashift=12_compression=on_sync=standard 17.0 17/11.71 17/21.08 17/11.09 17/0.28
ZFS_layout=raid6_ashift=12_compression=on_sync=standard 16.0 16/7.74 16/16.75 16/7.85 16/0.21
ZFS_layout=raid6_compression=on_sync=standard 15.0 15/7.36 15/13.83 15/7.03 15/0.18

Execution time per each command across file-systems and across runs

In both of the above reports (cold and warm) on small repositories we can see that ZFS performs quite poorely (and also becomes slower with higher FS utilization on many commands) but still on the same order as XFS and EXT4, while BTRFS and RaiserFS perform much smoother with RaiserFS being the most efficient.

Following plots shows all 100 rounds:

In [14]:
df = reports_to_dataframe(load_reports('simpleannex_ndirs=20_nfiles=100-', equal_length=False))
summary_plots(df, 'cold')
Got 19 reports
# of reports per each FS: [10, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 10, 10, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100]
Got 24450 entries total

Gross-rating/timing for each filesystem/per each command

command rating 00: du -scm testX 01: tar -cf testX.tar testX 02: pigz testX.tar 03: chmod +w -R testX/.git/annex/objects 04: git clone testX testX.clone 05: git annex get . 06: git annex drop . 07: du -scm testX.clone 08: rm -rf testX 09: rm -rf testX.clone 10: tar -xzf testX.tar.gz
fs
BTRFS_LVM_MD_raid6 6 5/0.84 6/0.95 12/0.19 6/0.45 6/0.69 4/10.99 5/8.87 13/1.19 6/1.13 12/1.51 3/0.58
BTRFS_LVM_raid6_sda+sdb+sdc+sdd+sde+sdf 4 4/0.79 4/0.76 2/0.12 3/0.27 4/0.57 3/10.45 3/8.59 10/0.92 4/0.94 10/1.23 0/0.54
BTRFS_MD_raid6 5 6/0.84 5/0.91 11/0.18 5/0.44 5/0.69 5/11.00 4/8.84 11/1.18 5/1.09 11/1.50 2/0.58
BTRFS_sda_-mraid6 4 3/0.74 3/0.73 4/0.14 4/0.28 3/0.52 6/11.55 6/10.84 9/0.82 3/0.91 9/1.18 1/0.55
EXT4_LVM_MD_raid6 10 10/3.64 10/11.99 5/0.14 10/2.26 12/2.80 8/33.39 10/27.15 4/0.65 10/3.89 3/0.84 11/0.94
EXT4_MD_raid6 8 9/3.27 9/10.35 1/0.12 9/2.05 8/1.94 7/32.69 9/25.78 3/0.62 9/3.51 4/0.85 8/0.85
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=128_-Estripe_width=512 11 11/3.66 11/12.28 3/0.14 13/2.91 11/2.71 9/35.04 11/27.37 5/0.66 11/3.97 5/0.94 9/0.87
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=32_-Estripe_width=128 14 14/4.66 14/15.62 10/0.15 14/3.28 15/3.09 13/37.86 14/28.71 8/0.80 14/5.24 8/1.16 12/0.96
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=4_-Estripe_width=16 12 13/4.40 13/14.64 6/0.15 12/2.84 14/3.06 12/37.51 13/28.21 7/0.76 13/4.76 7/1.11 10/0.92
EXT4_MD_raid6_-Estride=512_-Estripe_width=2048 11 12/3.75 12/12.64 9/0.15 11/2.45 13/2.81 10/35.94 12/27.76 6/0.70 12/4.17 6/0.97 7/0.84
ReiserFS_LVM_MD_raid6 2 0/0.13 2/0.47 7/0.15 2/0.09 1/0.23 2/9.96 1/7.73 2/0.14 0/0.42 2/0.78 5/0.65
ReiserFS_LVM_raid6_sda+sdb+sdc+sdd+sde+sdf 0 2/0.13 0/0.43 0/0.10 0/0.09 0/0.22 0/9.77 0/7.60 0/0.13 1/0.43 0/0.58 4/0.62
ReiserFS_MD_raid6 1 1/0.13 1/0.44 8/0.15 1/0.09 2/0.23 1/9.94 2/7.74 1/0.14 2/0.43 1/0.74 6/0.65
XFS_LVM_MD_raid6 13 7/2.37 7/8.02 13/0.26 8/0.61 16/3.93 16/48.10 8/22.02 17/2.29 7/2.21 17/3.90 14/1.25
XFS_MD_raid6 13 8/2.44 8/8.03 14/0.26 7/0.60 17/3.93 17/48.71 7/21.86 16/2.27 8/2.30 16/3.84 13/1.15
ZFS_layout=raid10_ashift=12_compression=on_sync=standard 15 17/15.97 17/24.75 15/0.27 17/14.48 10/2.41 15/40.41 17/38.07 15/1.23 17/25.08 15/3.44 15/9.94
ZFS_layout=raid6_ashift=12_compression=on_sync=standard 16 16/10.44 16/19.59 17/0.45 16/9.91 9/2.08 11/36.31 16/36.11 14/1.22 16/18.03 14/3.25 16/11.71
ZFS_layout=raid6_compression=on_sync=standard 15 15/9.96 15/16.24 16/0.42 15/7.83 7/1.69 14/38.64 15/30.65 12/1.18 15/13.87 13/2.97 17/14.04

Execution time per each command across file-systems and across runs

Middle-sized repositories test

For this test we have decided to get closer to typical middle size repositories with 1000 files in each of the 100 directories (thus 100,000 original files per repository) and run 10 rounds. Unfortunately ZFS runs were taking waay to long (sample single round took more than 24h) so they were interrupted.

Suprisingly RaiserFS performance detremented quite significantly, bringing BTRFS into the winners. Effect from the choice of compression (lzo vs zlib) wasn't clearly pronounced so we decided to go with lzo.

In [15]:
df = reports_to_dataframe(load_reports('simpleannex-big_ndirs=100_nfiles=1000-'))
summary_plots(df, 'cold')
Got 7 reports
# of reports per each FS: [10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10]
Got 1540 entries total

Gross-rating/timing for each filesystem/per each command

command rating 00: make_testX_repo 01: du -scm testX 02: tar -cf testX.tar testX 03: pigz testX.tar 04: git clone testX testX.clone 05: git annex get . 06: git annex drop . 07: du -scm testX.clone 08: git annex direct 09: du -scm testX 10: git annex indirect 11: chmod +w -R testX/.git/annex/objects 12: rm -rf testX 13: rm -rf testX.clone 14: tar -xzf testX.tar.gz
fs
BTRFS_LVM_MD_raid6 2 3/989.77 1/148.13 2/171.24 6/7.31 2/73.81 2/737.68 2/747.67 4/130.42 2/134.84 2/112.36 2/151.61 2/53.61 2/179.59 3/241.57 0/24.78
BTRFS_LVM_MD_raid6_compress=lzo 4 0/984.39 4/174.24 5/217.06 4/6.61 3/99.37 4/767.62 3/781.16 5/130.89 4/145.35 4/133.41 4/166.22 4/69.79 5/218.48 4/263.55 3/25.84
BTRFS_LVM_MD_raid6_compress=zlib 3 5/1005.41 3/171.68 3/203.35 3/5.64 5/110.36 3/754.58 4/782.21 3/129.41 3/143.20 3/129.58 3/161.01 3/67.79 3/203.25 5/266.14 4/26.00
BTRFS_sda_-mraid6 0 4/995.82 0/147.76 0/133.56 1/3.71 0/59.82 0/676.95 0/707.02 1/107.48 0/129.57 0/102.28 0/150.60 0/46.16 0/112.55 0/150.98 1/25.26
BTRFS_sda_-mraid6_compress=lzo 1 2/988.97 2/153.09 1/137.83 0/3.68 1/60.24 1/697.89 1/726.68 2/113.59 1/131.69 1/104.67 1/151.36 1/49.65 1/116.30 1/161.57 2/25.36
BTRFSv4_LVM_MD_raid6_compress=lzo 5 1/985.17 5/175.95 4/209.24 5/6.90 4/105.76 5/770.36 5/793.40 6/131.05 5/145.72 5/137.28 5/166.84 5/70.68 4/214.00 6/267.73 5/26.08
ReiserFS_LVM_MD_raid6 6 6/3815.34 6/179.49 6/302.80 2/4.37 6/156.06 6/3519.49 6/3741.88 0/96.61 6/1493.27 6/232.94 6/919.61 6/303.28 6/388.45 2/178.23 6/49.54

Execution time per each command across file-systems and across runs

In [16]:
summary_plots(df, 'warm')

Gross-rating/timing for each filesystem/per each command

command rating 01: du -scm testX 02: tar -cf testX.tar testX 07: du -scm testX.clone 08: git annex direct 09: du -scm testX 10: git annex indirect 11: chmod +w -R testX/.git/annex/objects
fs
BTRFS_LVM_MD_raid6 1 2/2.21 0/5.05 0/0.97 4/0.01 1/2.45 2/0.01 0/2.23
BTRFS_LVM_MD_raid6_compress=lzo 3 3/2.22 3/5.36 3/0.99 5/0.01 3/2.48 0/0.01 1/2.24
BTRFS_LVM_MD_raid6_compress=zlib 3 1/2.21 5/6.40 1/0.97 1/0.01 4/2.49 3/0.01 4/2.49
BTRFS_sda_-mraid6 3 6/2.27 1/5.14 5/1.00 3/0.01 5/2.49 1/0.01 2/2.26
BTRFS_sda_-mraid6_compress=lzo 4 5/2.25 2/5.18 4/0.99 0/0.01 6/2.50 6/0.01 3/2.35
BTRFSv4_LVM_MD_raid6_compress=lzo 4 4/2.24 4/5.95 2/0.97 2/0.01 2/2.48 4/0.01 5/2.71
ReiserFS_LVM_MD_raid6 6 0/1.78 6/8.52 6/1.03 6/0.02 0/2.08 5/0.01 6/250.94

Execution time per each command across file-systems and across runs



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